意大利将非法活动纳入GDP核算激起了很大的关注
May 31st 2014 | MILAN | From the print edition
米兰
THE announcement on May 22nd by Istat, Italy’s statistical body, that from October it would include drug trafficking, prostitution, and alcohol-and-tobacco smuggling in its economic-output numbers has generated a stream of sniggering headlines. To some, it smacks of 1987, when Italy started taking account of its shadow economy, the off-the-books business which makes up about a fifth of Italian GDP. As a result, the economy grew by 18% overnight, surging past Britain to be the West’s fourth-largest economy. The event was hailed as il sorpasso (the overtaking) and the source of much national joy, until two decades of economic mismanagement sent Italy tumbling back down the league tables.
5月22号,意大利国家统计局Stat宣布,从10月份开始,将贩毒、卖淫和研究走私纳入国内产出数据核算,许多报刊在头条中嘲笑这项决定。这项决定让人想起1987年时,意大利开始将灰色经济,这一占到其GDP的五分之一的表外业务,纳入核算范围。因此,意大利经济在一夜之间增长了18%,超过英国成为西方第四大经济体。这件事一度被誉为大超越,使得国民振奋,但20年来的经济管理不善,使得意大利在欧盟排名表位数掉下来。
In fact, then as now, Italy was merely one of the first countries to announce its compliance with international accounting standards. Reporting illegal economically productive activity in which all parties take part voluntarily is required under EU rules known as the European System of Accounts (ESA). But as the guidelines have not so far outlined how to measure drug deals and fake cigarettes, and as such things are by their nature difficult to gauge, few countries comply. That will change from this autumn, when an update of the ESA will refresh guidelines on calculating revenues from the seedier side of the economy.
事实上,就跟现在一样,意大利只不过是宣布遵守国际会计准则的国家之一。欧盟的欧洲会计帐系统规定,各方自愿报告非法经济生产活动。但因为该指导方针至今没有指出,该如何衡量毒品和假烟交易这种本身就很难测度的交易,所以很少有国家遵守该规定。然而这种情况将在今年秋天改变,因为ESA将会更新原本从最终产品入手,计算收入的核算方法。
Some countries already include dope and bootleg booze in their statistics: in the Netherlands, for example, cannabis sales may be counted as coffee-shop revenues. So the aim is to create greater comparability in the GDP figures of member states, in part because this is the basis on which EU funds are distributed. Though cocaine-fuelled GDP stats will in theory reduce the subsidies Italy is entitled to, it will at least push ever-so-closer to (though still very far from) meeting euro-zone rules on government indebtedness and deficits.
一些国家早就把毒品和走私酒纳入统计当中:比如在荷兰,大麻的销售就被算在咖啡店收入当中。所以重点在于创造出更具有可比性的成员国的GDP数据,在某种程度上,这是因为欧盟成员国基金分布的基础。
虽然加上可卡因的GDP核算,从理论上来说会减少意大利有权享有的补贴,但这至少会使其前所未有地接近(虽然依然离得很远)达到欧元区的政府负债与赤字管理的规定。
Insee, France’s statistical body, estimates that the ESA’s update will lead to an increase in French GDP of 3.2%— equivalent to a couple of years’ growth at current rates. But little of that is due to an uptick in debauchery: the accounting rule update also reclassifies research and development as an investment rather than a cost, among other things which will attract rather less public attention.
据法国统计局Insee估计,ESA的新核算方法会使得法国的GDP增加3.2%—按其现今的增长率来算,相当于数年的增长。但这份增长只有很少是因为增加毒品等的核算:新的会计规则也将研发重新分类为投资而非花费,除此之外其他的规则改变都没怎么引起公众关注。
Britain’s Office of National Statistics was due to release its estimate of the new rules’ impact as The Economist went to press. Italy is still working on its figures, but the treasury says effects will be negligible. Gian Paolo Oneto, director of Istat’s national-accounts department, admits that tracking such activities is a difficult business, but notes that Italy was a pioneer in estimating the shadow economy: the methodologies it introduced before the sorpasso subsequently became a point of reference.
在本报刊将发行之际,英国国家统计局,应该将要发布新规则对其核算的影响。意大利仍在计算其数据,但其财政部表示影响可以忽略不计。意大利国民核算部门领导人吉安·保罗·奥内托同意说,追踪这种活动是很困难的,但同时指出,意大利是估计灰色经济的先驱:以前的衡量方法可以作为参考。
Enrico Giovannini, a professor of economic statistics at the University of Rome and a former Istat president, quips that non-statisticians often suggest that measuring happiness and well-being is a tricky task. His response: “Have you ever tried to measure GDP?”
罗马大学经济统计学教授、意大利统计局前领导人恩里克·焦万尼尼,在应对统计否定者常说的快乐和幸福是无法统计的这一言论时,妙语连珠地回答:“你是否试过衡量GDP?”
remark:3. 意大利仍在计算其数据,但其财政部表示影响可以忽略不计。罗马大学经济统计学教授、意大利统计局前领导人恩里克·焦万尼尼,在应对统计否定者常说的快乐和幸福是无法统计的这一言论时,妙语连珠地回答:“你试过衡量GDP吗?”
2. 然而这种情况将在今年秋天改变,因为ESA将会更新原本从最终产品入手,计算收入的核算方法。一些国家早就把毒品和走私酒纳入统计当中:比如在荷兰,大麻的销售就被算在咖啡店收入当中。所以重点在于创造出更具有可比性的成员国的GDP数据,在某种程度上,这是因为欧盟成员国基金分布的基础
1. 事实上,就跟现在一样,意大利只不过是宣布遵守国际会计准则的国家之一。欧盟的欧洲会计帐系统规定,各方自愿报告非法经济生产活动。但因为该指导方针至今没有指出,该如何衡量毒品和假烟交易这种本身就很难测度的交易,所以很少有国家遵守该规定
5月22日,意大利统计局宣布把毒品、卖淫、走私记入GDP的消息引起轩然大波。随后,英国也宣布效仿意大利,将百亿英镑毒品与性交易纳入GDP统计。
这让很多人想起了1987年时,意大利将地下经济纳入GDP之后,GDP一夜之间暴涨了18%,超越英国成为西方国家中第四大经济体。该事件被称为“il sorpasso”(意大利语超越的意思),意大利举国欢庆。
时过境迁,如今的意大利经济在经历了多次衰退之后已经萎靡不振,戴上了“欧猪国家”的帽子。去年,意大利GDP总量为1.56万亿欧元,若扣除物价因素,比2001年还低了2%。
但事实上,意大利只是第一个宣布与国际会计准则接轨的国家。根据欧盟的ESA(欧洲会计系统)规则,地下经济也应该纳入GDP统计。但由于缺乏具体的指导规范,而且地下经济很难统计,很少有国家遵从这一规则。但这个情况马上就会有改观了,因为ESA将与今年秋季更新指导规则,对经济灰色地带的计算方法进行更加详细的规定。
目前,已经有一些国家开始将走私和吸毒纳入统计范围。比如,荷兰的大麻销售被视为和咖啡店的收入一样。这些国家这么做是为了增加各自在欧盟GDP中的相对份额,因为欧元区基金的分配正是基于此。同时,GDP增加可以做大负债率和赤字率的分母,降低这两项核心指标。虽然将可卡因等纳入GDP之后,意大利获得的补贴可能会减少,但该国的负债率和赤字率将更加接近欧盟标准。
法国统计部门预计,ESA规则更新将导致法国GDP增加3.2%,而今年一季度法国GDP同比仅增0.8%。不过这并非受卖淫和毒品等影响,而是统计口径调整。
意大利目前仍在计算数字,不过该国财政部表示影响不会很大。意大利国家核算部门主任Gian Paolo Oneto承认,统计地下经济相当困难,不过意大利在这方面有过先例:1987年的经验可以拿来参考。
不过统计GDP从来就不容易,尤其是统计意大利的GDP。罗马大学经济统计学教授,意大利前统计局局长Enrico Giovannini正是这么想的。一些外行统计人士总觉得衡量幸福感和社会福利非常困难,Giovannini对此嗤之以鼻:“你统计过GDP吗?”
(原文载于《经济学人》,华尔街见闻网站略有调整)
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